Een van de belangrijkste doelen van mijn laatste reis naar Florence was het bezichtigen van werken van de beroemde schilder Giotto (ca. 1266-1337) die ik nog niet eerder had gezien. Nu is het lang niet altijd mogelijk om werken met zekerheid aan deze innovatieve meester toe te schrijven, dus ik…
De kerk van Sant’Alvise is te vinden in het noorden van de doorgaans rustige wijk Cannaregio. ‘Alvise’ is de Venetiaanse variant van ‘Luigi’ of ‘Ludovico’, en met deze Sant’Alvise is de Franciscaanse heilige Sint Lodewijk van Toulouse (1274-1297) bedoeld. Hij zou in een droom zijn verschenen aan Antonia Venier, de…
De kerk van San Giobbe staat in een tamelijk afgelegen gedeelte van Venetië, ongeveer vijftien minuten lopen vanaf het treinstation. Ons bezoek aan de kerk begon met een klein incident. De kerk heeft maar één ingang, waarin twee houten deuren zitten. Wij namen de rechter deur en kwamen uit bij…
In July of the year 335 Constantine celebrated his Tricennalia, i.e. his thirtieth year on the throne. The festivities in honour of this anniversary were obviously held in his new capital, Constantinople. Constantine was the Roman emperor with the longest reign since the great Augustus. It was not until the…
In 327 Constantine was about 55 years old. By the standards of the day the emperor was an old man. But he had many reasons to be quite content. The Roman Empire had been united again under his rule and the introduction a couple of years back of a new…
The year 326 was meant to be a year of feast and celebration for the emperor Constantine. His last remaining rival Licinius was dead, the Roman Empire was united again under a single emperor and for the moment the unity within the Christian church had been restored thanks to the…
In the spring of 324 Constantine and Licinius were both ready for war. According to Zosimus, Constantine had gathered an army of almost 120,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry, while Licinius commanded almost 150,000 infantry and 15,000 cavalry.[1] These numbers may remind us of the battle of Lugdunum, fought in the…
During the Roman Republic the Senate had been, from time to time, the most powerful body of the state. During the Principate its power had been greatly reduced, while during the Dominate and the reign of the emperor Diocletianus the Senate had become a marginal factor at best. Constantine more…
In February of the year 313 Constantine and Licinius met in Mediolanum (Milan) in Northern Italy. There the two men formalised the alliance that had already been in effect since 311. Licinius married Constantia, Constantine’s Christian half-sister. The emperors furthermore agreed that Constantine would rule over the western half of…
On paper Galerius was the senior augustus within the Tetrarchy. We do not know his exact age, but at the beginning of 311 he was well into his fifties. The old emperor had become a shadow of a man, perhaps as a result of colon cancer. That is at least…
On paper, the Tetrarchy had been an excellent idea: two senior emperors (augusti) and two junior emperors (caesares) would rule over the vast Roman Empire in perfect harmony. When Diocletianus, who had designed the system, and his co-emperor Maximianus abdicated in 305, the system of succession seemed to be working…
Tussen 1238 en 1751 resideerden de patriarchen van Aquileia doorgaans in Udine. Aanvankelijk was het kasteel van de stad hun residentie, maar dat werd eind zestiende eeuw gevorderd door de Venetiaanse gouverneur. De patriarchen – die overigens ook allemaal Venetianen waren – verkasten daarop naar een palazzo uit de zestiende…
Het kasteel van Udine staat op een kunstmatige heuvel waarvan de geschiedenis teruggaat tot de Bronstijd. Daarmee is de legende weerlegd die stelt dat het Attila de Hun was die de heuvel in 452 liet bouwen door zijn manschappen, zodat hij de verwoesting van de stad Aquileia vanaf een hoog…
De Piazza della Libertà is het bekendste plein in het centrum van Udine. Het plein wordt gedomineerd door twee gebouwen. Aan de zuidkant is dat de Loggia del Lionello, het oude stadhuis van Udine dat veel wegheeft van het Dogepaleis in Venetië. Aan de noordkant staat de Porticato di San…
Of all the Italian cities that I have visited in my life, Trieste has to be the most un-Italian. Trieste was an Austrian city for ages, had many non-Italian inhabitants and has only been part of Italy for a relatively brief period of time. Together with Trento it was the…
In Antiquity, Trieste was known as Tergeste. It is not entirely clear who the original inhabitants were. Perhaps they were part of the Histri or the Celtic Carni, but it is also possible that they were Veneti. The name Tergeste (Terg-este) in any case seems to support the Venetic hypothesis,…